Технічні неологізми, як проблема перекладу

Содержание: Contents 2 Introduction 3 1.NEOLOGISMS AS LINGUISTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PROBLEM 5 1.1.Definitions, ways of formations, types of neologisms 5 1.2.Evolution of neologisms 6 1.2.1. Scientists and translators, researching neologisms 7 2. PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH TRANSLATION OF NEOLOGISMS 30 2.1. Multi-component terms 37 2.2. Ways of translation of neologisms 41 Conclusions 57 List of References 60 Appendix A 66 Appendix B 67 Appendix C 69 Appendix D 72

Вступление: Nowadays every day we meet new words the meaning of which we can’t even understand, as they are not only the words of everyday language, but also scientific and technical terms, which appear on the basis of high technical development of modern world. Topicality of the research The scientific meaning of the results of our research are shown in the fact that a living language leads a dynamic existence, it is constantly developing its internal and external resources, adapting to ever changing circumstances of social, cultural, political and scientific life, generating new forms and content and abandoning old ones, improving its expressive means and devices through their structural complication or simplification. Language is one of those spheres of human activity that are the first to bring reaction to social and other kinds of changes in human life and activities. Language may even not only follow or accompany these changes but also cause them "But if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought", and it is not an insoluble problem to find illustrative examples for that in the past and present. Every social or political change, revolution, innovation is preceded by Introduction of new words and terms, many of which are only euphemisms: "enemies of the people», but these so-called enemies must be properly translated into Ukrainian language, and to make it there are the main methods of translation of neologisms, which have to be followed to avoid mistakes. The object of the research is: different neologisms The subject of the research is: the peculiarities of translation of neologisms and problems, connected with it. The aim of the research is to show the main ways of translating neologisms from English into Ukrainian and to advise how to avoid problems appearing during the process of translation. Tasks which are shown by the aim of the research: to give a definition to a word “neologism”; to define the place of neologisms in scientific-technical literature; to define problem, connected with translation of neologisms and the ways of avoiding them; to define the peculiarities of neologism translation; Theoretical value of this work is in the fact that this theoretical material can be used in further research connected with the study of neologisms. There are not lots of scientific books, connected with solving of problems of neologisms translation. In this work it is given all necessary material to understand the notion of neologisms, the ways of their creation and translation. Practical value of this work is in the fact, that its results can be used in solving such problems, while translating scientifically-technical texts. On the basis of our research many translators and students will be able to avoid many mistakes, connected with translation of neologisms, as many dictionaries do not contain neologisms. Methods of the research: analysis and synthesis, following every chapter and part of the current work, descriptive method and the method of statistical analysis, methods of typological and lexicological analysis, comparative method, adapted NeoTrack method of neologisms detection (Appendix B), plus deductive and inductive methods of investigation and generalizing the retrieved facts and data. The hypotheses of the research are that: the majority of newly created and borrowed words should be nouns; the prevalent word building type should be affixation. the ways of translation of neologisms should be found out from different texts with neologisms These hypotheses are based on a significant amount of lexicological and lexicographical literature and sources of the previous years. In order to perform a maximum detailed research and description of modern neologisms the work is divided into two chapters. Sources of research material The articles of the linguist Zatsnyi U.A., the book of Klizmo B.N. and dictionaries on neologisms

Выводы: To conclude we should say that English language develops very swiftly and a great number of new words appear every year. Neologisms reflect important information about language development. They reflect phonetic, derivational, semantic and other language phenomena. In the next part of the study, there is explained a case study which was based on the above- mentioned issue in translation of technical texts. There is given a good example how to translate machinery texts and also there is a collection of advices how to translate technical texts. To sum up, after conducting a piece of research, it is said that there is a clash or balance between the consistency within the technical text and the lexical cohesion. It is very important to have high knowledge and understanding of text before translating it. Only, a highly specialized translator can translate technical or scientific text correctly, avoiding misunderstanding or using wring meanings of the words. Neologisms are usually formed on the basis of words and morphemes that already exist in the language. New words are coined with the help of affixation, semantic extension and abbreviation. It should be underlined that, borrowing is a source of neologisms too. Neologisms often become popular through memetics, by way of mass media, the Internet, and word of mouth, including academic discourse in many fields renowned for their use of distinctive jargon, and often become accepted parts of the language. Many linguists studied the notion of neologism. Among them ZabotkinaV. I., Haham, Rosen, U.Zatsnyi, B.Klimzo and others. They created various classifications of neologisms. According to classification proposed by Zabotkina nneologisms can be subdivided according to the way of formation. She distinguishes: phonological neologisms, borrowings, semantic neologisms and syntactical neologisms. Syntactical neologisms are divided into morphological and phraseological. Translation of neologisms is a very demanding task. We cannot but mention that some English neologisms contain concepts, which are differing from the same in Ukrainian. It causes certain difficulties in providing an appropriate rendition of the meaning. It is necessary to develop highly such a branch of translation as translation of technical and scientific literature. Many linguists cannot translate such literature correctly as they are not specialists in the scientific c and technical spheres, so to do a good translation, using proper variants for all terms it is possible only if you know this subject perfectly and understand the meaning of all terms. There are various ways of translation of neologisms. The first is selection of an appropriate analogue in a target language. The second is transcription and transliteration. Furthermore, translation calques and explanatory translation can be used. After investigating the usage of neologisms in modern English printing press on the material of “The Washington Post”, “The York Times” and “The Times” we should notify that neologisms translated mostly with the help of calques and explanatory translation. The last secures the most exact rendition of the meaning. It is advised to combine it with other ways of translation of neologisms. According to our research it became clear how to solve the problem connecvted with translation of technical neologisms and what a good translator has to do and know to make appropriate translation. We found out four main ways of translation: transliteration or transcription, finding an appropriate analogue, loan translation or calques and explicit or explanatory translation. Comparing translation of many technical neologisms we came to conclusion, that the most popular way of translation of new words is transliteration and transcription, as in many cases a new term keeps it from but only in Ukrainian equivalent. It is easier just to transliterate a term then to find a new name for it in Ukrainian language. Nearly 40% of neologisms are translated with the help of this method. The second place takes finding appropriate analogue – 35%. The third place takes loan translation as because of lack of knowledge in IT sciences and devices; many translators translate new term, just making their calques to make the process of translation easier but not successful often. Loan translation has nearly 15% of general use among other ways. And the last forth place belongs to explanatory translation as it is the last way of translation, used only when it is impossible to translate a neologism with the help of an appropriate equivalent in Ukrainian language or with the help of previous ways of translation and the percentage of its use is nearly 10%.

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