Суб’єктивні й об’єктивні трансформації в процесі перекладу (на матеріалі перекладу творів англомовних авторів українською мовою)

Содержание:INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER 1 4 STRUCTURES OF SECONDARY PREDICATION AND THE PROBLEM OF THEIR TRANSLATION 4 1.1. Structures of Secondary Predication in Modern English 4 1.2. Translation as the Object of Linguistic Research 7 CHAPTER 2 13 SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION 13 2.1. The Notion of Subjective and Objective Factors in Translation 13 2.2. Transformations in Translating the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction 15 2.3. Transformations in Translating the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction 17 2.4. Transformations in Translating the For-to-Infinitive Construction 22 2.5. Transformations in Translating the Objective Participial Construction 25 2.6. Transformations in Translating the Absolute Participial Construction 28 CONCLUSIONS 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 35  

Вступление:An important method of research in translation studies is the comparative analysis of form and content of the original text and translation in which the ways to overcome common difficulties are investigated and regulations are established. One of the main difficulties of translating lies in the fact that the meaning of the whole text is not exhausted by the sum of meanings of its elements. The meaning of a text is made up by words, syntactic meaning of sentences, lexical semantic connections between words and phrases. Good practical knowledge of the two languages is quite necessary but not sufficient for translating. Besides this knowledge one must possess a number of skills in translation and be guided by a number of principles worked out by the theory of translation. These principles are connected both with linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects. While translating one must keep in view typological characteristics of both the languages and remember that the same idea may be expressed lexically in one of them and grammatically in the other. Besides purely linguistic difficulties, translation involves a great number of problems caused by numerous extra linguistic factors. The content of any text is based upon extra linguistic reality, the text itself reflects the cultural background of the author and of the whole people speaking the language, it also reflects the history of the people, their habits and traditions, a peculiar national way of thinking, etc. All these things should necessarily be taken into consideration in order to translate the text adequately. Another demand upon a person translating any text is that he should be well acquainted with its subject matter. Translation of structures of secondary nomination presents substantial difficulties for the translator. There are several problems related to translating structures of secondary nomination, the most obvious being the fact that since a structures of secondary nomination in source language is, by definition, a syntactic novelty, it can clearly have no existing equivalence in target language. The lack of research of secondary predication structures in the sphere of translation, as well as underdevelopment of objective criteria, subjective choice of translational transformations determine the relevance of the present study. The aim of the scientific research consists in definition of the peculiarities of rendering the structures of secondary predication in Modern English into the Ukrainian language with the help of objective and subjective transformations. To attain this aim we should settle down the following tasks: - to study structures of secondary predication in Modern English; - to analyze the notion of translation as the object of linguistic research; - to examine the notion of subjective and objective factors in translation; - to study transformations in translating the Objective-with-the Infinitive construction; - to analyze transformations in translating the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive construction; - to examine transformations in translating the For-to-Infinitive construction; - to study transformations in translating the Objective Participial construction; - to observe transformations in translating the Absolute Participial construction. The object of the investigation is the structures of secondary predication in English and their Ukrainian translation. The subject of the study is the use of objective and subjective transformations in the translation of structures of secondary predication. The material of the research:the novel “Fahrenheit 451” written by Ray Bradbury in the original version and its Ukrainian translation “451 заФаренгейтом” performed by Ye. Kryzhevych served as the material for the investigation. The structure of the year paper: the research consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusions and the bibliography.  

Выводы:The predication is understood in linguistics as the expression of the relation of the utterance (sentence) to reality, or, as the expression of the relation between the content of the sentence and the reality. There are two approaches to the issue of secondary predication in scientific literature. The first approach is an attempt to identify the syntactic basis of secondary predication. It has been noted that poly-predicative constructions can only be allotted on the basis of syntax. The second approach links the phenomenon of secondary predication with the expression of additional content, additional statements in a simple sentence. The first syntactic approach to the phenomenon of secondary predication combines different directions. In our work we adhere to the idea that sentence containing a secondary predication, from a formal point of view, is simple, since it includes one main predicate, but this simple sentence with a secondary predicate is in an intermediate stage between the simple and compound sentence, at the sublevel of the complicated sentence. Translation is seen as a complex dichotomous and cumulative process which involves a number of activities drawing upon other disciplines related to language and culture. The most essential thing in translation is the equivalence of the meanings, and not of isolated words or even isolated sentences, the equivalence of the entire text translated. Objective factors in translation generally appeals to the established tradition of translating non-finite forms of the verb and their constructions serving as structures of secondary predication. The group of factors of subjective nature is composed of the personal characteristics of the individual translator (belonging to a certain age, culture, society, focus on certain traditions, translation guidelines, competence, creativity). Interfering influence of the translational perception is a change in the translation, due to individual characteristics, creativity of the interpreter, his/her socio-cultural and language training, chronological, age, historical and geographical distance of the translator from the author of the original. Objective and subjective transformations in translation have been studied in the present investigation on the material of the following grammatical constructions serving as structures of secondary predication selected from the novel “Fahrenheit 451” written by Ray Bradbury and its translation into the Ukrainian language: the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction; the Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction; the For-to-Infinitive Construction; the Objective Participial Construction; Absolute Participial Construction. Sentences containing the above mentioned constructions have been selected from the novel “Fahrenheit 451” in the original version and its Ukrainian translation “451 заФаренгейтом” performed by Ye. Kryzhevych. The translation has been analyzed according to the type of transformation employed by the translator. Thus, objective and subjective transformations have been singled out and analyzed for each construction separately. The most common ways of translating the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction which may be considered as objective transformations are the following: by means of a subordinate clause; by means of an objective infinitival word-group forming part of the compound modal verbal predicate; by means of a noun derived from the objective infinitive or an object clause; by means of a phrasal/simple verbal predicate. The results of the investigation clearly show that subjective transformations are not preferred in translation of the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction since they occur very seldom. The Nominative-with-the Infinitive construction may be translated in Ukrainian using the following objective transformations: with the help of an indefinite personal sentence; with the help of an impersonal sentence having the passive verbal predicate in -нo, -тo; with the help of an object subordinate clause. The Nominative-with-the Infinitive construction used with the verbs of physical perception (to feel, to hear, to see, to taste, etc.) are usually rendered with the help of the one-member introductory indefinite personal sentences followed by an object subordinate clause. When used after the verbs of saying and reporting (to say, to report, to tell, etc.), the Nominative-with-the Infinitive complex is translated with the help of the introductory indefinite-personal sentence followed by an object subordinate clause. The analysis shows that the translator applies subjective transformations substituting the structure of secondary predication by the structure of the full predication. The results of the investigation clearly show that a subordinate clause is frequently employed as a means of translating the For-to-Infinitive construction into Ukrainian. The examples illustrate the translator’s subjective choice to translate the secondary predicative construction by means of the full predication. The Objective-with-the Present Participle constructions may be rendered into Ukrainian in one of the following ways using objective transformations: with the help of the object subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction що or by the adverbial connectors як, коли; with the help of the adverbial subordinate clauses of time, purpose, manner, etc., which indicates the existence of functional inconsistencies in the two languages at the level of syntactic structure, function, and content; with the help of an object subordinate clause or with the help of a semantically equivalent substantival word-group; with the help of the finite form of the verb, i.e., with the help of the simple verbal predicate. In the process of the research, we have come across the subjective transformation used in the process of translating the Objective-with-the Present Participle construction into the Ukrainian language. Thus, the translator renders the construction with the help of the transformation of omitting. These English secondary predication word-groups are presented in the three main structurally different types: 1) The nominative absolute participial constructions consisting of a synthetic or analytical paradigm of the present participle. 2) The second structural type constitute the nominative absolute participial constructions that contain no participle component at all. The subjective transformation is represented by the omitting the construction in the Ukrainian translation. The subjective transformation in which the translator uses the construction of full predication to render the meaning of the Absolute Participial construction has also been found in translation. The results of the investigation show that the translator prefers to use objective transformations in the translation of the Absolute Participial construction as the structure of secondary predication.  

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