Arid areas and their problems

Содержание:1. Introduction 3 2. Main body 3 2.1. Arid areas and their problems 3 2.2. Different technologies of providing fresh water in arid areas 4 3. Conclusions 7 References 7

Вступление: The relation between water and soil belong to the relations, called socio-economic. The soil is connected with economic situation of the country. The main entry point into the water cycle is at the surface of soil and as we know, the main human activities are held there. Human activities and influence on water and soil change ecosystem a lot. But human activity can also supply arid areas with water and let them be alive. But water resources are also limited and it is necessary to provide water to arid areas with the help of economic technologies (Falkenmark, 1986).

Выводы: Analyzing the main problems, connected with the arid areas and the popular technologies how to provide fresh water to these areas, it is possible to say, that fresh water can be got in such ways: 1. Bring icebergs to the arid areas. 2. Using of desalination technologies. 3. The chloride mass-balance method. The main problems connected with these technologies are: 1. Talking about icebergs, it is necessary to remember about the fees for their transportation to an arid area and the amount of ice that can be melted during the transportation. 2. Desalination technologies are very expensive and possible in the areas where there are sources of salted water. 3. The chloride mass-balance method is not the best way as that recharge is estimated as the difference of comparably large values thereby increasing the relative error of estimate and that the independent variables are in themselves often difficult to measure accurately. So, summing up, it is possible to say that the mankind needs to develop more and more safe and effective technologies to provide fresh water in arid areas.

Литература: 1. Agnew, C., Anderson, E.(1992). Water resources in the arid realm Online, Routledge Physical Environment Series (UK). Available from : <http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19926787796.html> Accessed 6th December 2013 2. Ayoub, J., Alward, R (1996) Water requirements and remote arid areas: the need for small-scale desalination Online Available from : <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916496001580> Accessed 6th December 2013 3. Falkenmark M. (1986) Fresh Water: Time for a Modified Approach Online, Ambio. Available from: <:http://www.jstor.org/stable/4313251> Accessed 6th December 2013 4. Khawaji, D., Kutubkhanah, I., Wie, J. (2007) Advances in seawater desalination technologies. Online, Presented at the conference on Desalination and the Environment. Available from : <http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916407006789> Accessed 7th December 2013 5. Wood, W., Sanford, W. (2005) Chemical and Isotopic Methods for Quantifying Ground-Water Recharge in a Regional, Semiarid Environment Online Available from : <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00302.x/abstract> Accessed 6th December 2013